Database

🇵🇱 Polski

About the project Database introduction Database Filtry Katalogi

The LawRus database — chronicles and treaties from the Rus' area, 9th–15th c.

Funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (NCN), OPUS 2025/57/B/HS3/02198.

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Published entries

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All entries (working view)

Entry	Summary	Source	Dating (Russian)	Dating (Latin)	Language	Status
Entry	Summary	Source	Dating (Russian)	Dating (Latin)	Language	Status
6631 / 1123	The death of Yaroslav Svyatopolkovich at the hands of traitorous Poles during an attempt to capture Volodymyr in Volhynia. A lecture by the bookmen on the importance of humility and pride in relations between princes.		6631	1123	Old Rusian	1
GUL-CL-10	Primary churches in each fylki, first defined by St Óláfr and Bishop Grímkell at the Moster assembly, must be maintained by all men in the fylki. If a church collapses, timber must be brought to the site within twelve months, or substantial collective and individual fines are due to king and bishop, including payments for timber, workers’ meals and nails			1024	Old Norse	3
GUL-CL-19	Priests must carve wooden crosses before holy days and send them through their entire district so that the cross reaches every inhabited house. Each man is obliged to carry the cross on to the next; refusal first brings a fine to the priest and, if he still resists, a summons before the assembly on a charge of robbery with a twelve‑aurar fine.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑CO‑37	The clause regulates debt enforcement when both parties’ courts of arbitration have been challenged but stand: the creditor must prove proper home‑summons and demand, the arbiters then order the debtor to swear a graded denial oath (up to a repeated three‑man book‑oath at the church door for larger sums), and if he still refuses to pay or swear, the assembly and ultimately the king’s officer can be used to enforce double payment plus royal fines, with persistent refusal turning the case into robbery with escalating sanctions.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑CO‑39	If a debt has remained unpaid for twenty winters or more, testimony about it becomes too old to use as proof, but the creditor can still compel the debtor to swear a denial oath, so the claim itself is not prescribed as long as the plaintiffs follow the proper procedural steps.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑FL‑57	This chapter sets fines and procedures when a slave sleeps with a woman and regulates paternity, responsibility, and fostering for children ascribed to slaves or free men. It uses three‑man and six‑man denial oaths on the alleged father’s side and escalates monetary and status consequences when he refuses to swear, perjures himself, or fails to claim the child within twelve months.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑IN‑123	Regulates how an inheritance is to be divided, preferring that all heirs attend in person, but allowing the division to proceed before witnesses with the use of lots for absent heirs after a summons, and providing that any accusation of concealed property must be met by the keeper’s three‑man denial oath.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑132	Sets out the use of the twelve‑man oath to deny charges brought by the king for high treason, and likewise for accusations of murder and breach of a peace pledge, specifying that twelve men of equal social standing are to be appointed around the accused, with a defined mix of his own relatives and freely chosen oath‑helpers.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑133	Specifies that a six‑man oath is the prescribed form of denial in a wide range of serious but non‑capital offences—various kinds of theft, arson, damage to movables, libel (spoken or carved), crimes against women, bands of villains, and revenge on thieves—and regulates the composition of the oath‑group, requiring men of equal social standing, with a slightly larger fixed support for theft and arson than for other offences.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑134	Defines the so‑called mask oath as a seven‑man denial oath, in which three men are appointed on either side of the accused, all of his own social standing, and he has all six with him while counting himself as the seventh.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑135	Defines how a three‑man oath is to be composed, sets general time limits for swearing all oaths, distinguishes which failing oaths lead to liability for unatonable crimes, which to outlawry, and which to ordinary fines, and finally requires that a single oath be given as soon as the claimant demands it and can present a book for swearing.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑136	Sets out how and where legal oaths are to be taken in church, including summons with at least five nights’ notice if no time is agreed, what happens if the oath‑hearing party fails to attend, how four men decide on the correctness of the oath, how disagreement among them is resolved by further oaths, and the rule that if a contested oath is not followed up in court within twelve months it is treated as lawfully taken even if never sworn.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑137	Prohibits defaming another man to the king or any more powerful person, and provides that if such slander might cost the victim life or property, the slanderer risks losing his own property or life if the allegation proves false, with denial to be made by a six‑man oath whose failure brings exactly the same penalty the slanderer intended for the other, following a logic of retaliation.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑138	Prohibits insulting another man either orally or by carvings on a tree, making proven offenders liable to outlawry unless they clear themselves by a six‑man oath, and further bans “impossible tales” such as accusing someone of turning into a woman every ninth night or calling him a werewolf, with the same pattern that a proven accuser is outlawed but may deny the charge with a six‑man oath whose failure leads to outlawry.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑SA‑139	Anyone who trades with an outlaw forfeits the purchased goods to the king and must pay a fine of three merkr, but can avoid this penalty if he clears himself by a three‑man oath that he did not know the seller was an outlaw.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑TE‑86	In disputes over shieling pasture, forest lots or boundary lines outside the fence, the party that produces witnesses wins; if both have witnesses, the one willing to swear an oath wins; if both or neither will swear, the disputed object is divided. Twenty winters of quiet, unimpaired possession supported by witnesses give a strong prescriptive title.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑TE‑91	If a man works in another man’s forest without permission he owes compensation for trespass. If the owner can prove his presence by witnesses, he may claim it like any other known debt, but if there are no witnesses the accused must either swear a three‑man denial oath at the assembly or pay the trespass compensation.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑TE‑96	Defines “damage work” as intentional damage to another man’s property valued at at least half a mǫrk (including cutting a horse’s tail with bone or hewing a ship’s stem), requiring either a six‑man denial oath on pledge or outlawry, while lesser damage is compensated at estimated value plus six aurar for unfriendly conduct, cleared or confirmed by a three‑man oath.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑TE‑97	Provides that damage done by a minor (and likely by slaves) or by cattle to cattle is compensated only to half its value, with the responsible person allowed to deny liability by a three‑man oath, and that when a tethered horse is attacked and both horses fall, only the tethered horse is compensable.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑TE‑98	Prohibits arson against another man’s house or barn; a proven arsonist is outlawed, deprived of all personal rights, called a fire‑wolf, and forfeits all property, while instigators proven guilty pay half the damage. Denials require a six‑man oath for arson itself and a three‑man oath for instigation, with failure leading to outlawry or liability respectively.			1025	Old Norse	1
GUL‑TE‑99	Defines who bears legal responsibility for fire, making every adult free man liable for his own fire and for any fire he keeps and feeds. It distinguishes between unintentionally set fires (compensable with full payment or cleared by a three‑man oath), fires set by minors (half compensation and a three‑man oath by their master on denial), and fires set by slaves with evil intent (leading to the slave’s outlawry unless his master clears him by a three‑man oath).			1025	Old Norse	1
Umowa pomiędzy Danielem Romanowiczem a Lachami o nie uprowadzaniu czeladzi w czasie działań wojennych	Agreement between Daniel Romanovich and the Lyaks not to abduct subjects during wartime		nd.	1229	Old Rusian	1